binaryninja/

custom_binary_view.rs

// Copyright 2021-2026 Vector 35 Inc.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

//! An interface for providing your own [BinaryView]s to Binary Ninja.

use binaryninjacore_sys::*;

pub use binaryninjacore_sys::BNModificationStatus as ModificationStatus;

use std::fmt::Debug;
use std::marker::PhantomData;
use std::mem::MaybeUninit;
use std::os::raw::c_void;
use std::ptr;
use std::slice;

use crate::architecture::Architecture;
use crate::binary_view::{BinaryView, BinaryViewBase, BinaryViewExt, Result};
use crate::metadata::Metadata;
use crate::platform::Platform;
use crate::rc::*;
use crate::settings::Settings;
use crate::string::*;
use crate::Endianness;

/// Registers a custom `BinaryViewType` with the core.
///
/// The `constructor` argument is called immediately after successful registration of the type with
/// the core. The `BinaryViewType` argument passed to `constructor` is the object that the
/// `AsRef<BinaryViewType>`
/// implementation of the `CustomBinaryViewType` must return.
pub fn register_view_type<T, F>(name: &str, long_name: &str, constructor: F) -> &'static T
where
    T: CustomBinaryViewType,
    F: FnOnce(BinaryViewType) -> T,
{
    extern "C" fn cb_valid<T>(ctxt: *mut c_void, data: *mut BNBinaryView) -> bool
    where
        T: CustomBinaryViewType,
    {
        let view_type = unsafe { &*(ctxt as *mut T) };
        let data = unsafe { BinaryView::ref_from_raw(BNNewViewReference(data)) };
        let _span = ffi_span!("BinaryViewTypeBase::is_valid_for", data);
        view_type.is_valid_for(&data)
    }

    extern "C" fn cb_deprecated<T>(ctxt: *mut c_void) -> bool
    where
        T: CustomBinaryViewType,
    {
        ffi_wrap!("BinaryViewTypeBase::is_deprecated", unsafe {
            let view_type = &*(ctxt as *mut T);
            view_type.is_deprecated()
        })
    }

    extern "C" fn cb_force_loadable<T>(ctxt: *mut c_void) -> bool
    where
        T: CustomBinaryViewType,
    {
        ffi_wrap!("BinaryViewTypeBase::is_force_loadable", unsafe {
            let view_type = &*(ctxt as *mut T);
            view_type.is_force_loadable()
        })
    }

    extern "C" fn cb_has_no_initial_content<T>(ctxt: *mut c_void) -> bool
    where
        T: CustomBinaryViewType,
    {
        ffi_wrap!("BinaryViewTypeBase::has_no_initial_content", unsafe {
            let view_type = &*(ctxt as *mut T);
            view_type.has_no_initial_content()
        })
    }

    extern "C" fn cb_create<T>(ctxt: *mut c_void, data: *mut BNBinaryView) -> *mut BNBinaryView
    where
        T: CustomBinaryViewType,
    {
        ffi_wrap!("BinaryViewTypeBase::create", unsafe {
            let view_type = &*(ctxt as *mut T);
            let data = BinaryView::ref_from_raw(BNNewViewReference(data));

            let builder = CustomViewBuilder {
                view_type,
                actual_parent: &data,
            };

            let _span = ffi_span!("BinaryViewTypeBase::create", data);
            match view_type.create_custom_view(&data, builder) {
                Ok(bv) => {
                    // force a leak of the Ref; failure to do this would result
                    // in the refcount going to 0 in the process of returning it
                    // to the core -- we're transferring ownership of the Ref here
                    Ref::into_raw(bv.handle).handle
                }
                Err(_) => ptr::null_mut(),
            }
        })
    }

    extern "C" fn cb_parse<T>(ctxt: *mut c_void, data: *mut BNBinaryView) -> *mut BNBinaryView
    where
        T: CustomBinaryViewType,
    {
        ffi_wrap!("BinaryViewTypeBase::parse", unsafe {
            let view_type = &*(ctxt as *mut T);
            let data = BinaryView::ref_from_raw(BNNewViewReference(data));

            let builder = CustomViewBuilder {
                view_type,
                actual_parent: &data,
            };

            let _span = ffi_span!("BinaryViewTypeBase::parse", data);
            match view_type.parse_custom_view(&data, builder) {
                Ok(bv) => {
                    // force a leak of the Ref; failure to do this would result
                    // in the refcount going to 0 in the process of returning it
                    // to the core -- we're transferring ownership of the Ref here
                    Ref::into_raw(bv.handle).handle
                }
                Err(_) => ptr::null_mut(),
            }
        })
    }

    extern "C" fn cb_load_settings<T>(ctxt: *mut c_void, data: *mut BNBinaryView) -> *mut BNSettings
    where
        T: CustomBinaryViewType,
    {
        ffi_wrap!("BinaryViewTypeBase::load_settings", unsafe {
            let view_type = &*(ctxt as *mut T);
            let data = BinaryView::ref_from_raw(BNNewViewReference(data));

            let _span = ffi_span!("BinaryViewTypeBase::load_settings", data);
            match view_type.load_settings_for_data(&data) {
                Some(settings) => Ref::into_raw(settings).handle,
                None => ptr::null_mut() as *mut _,
            }
        })
    }

    let name = name.to_cstr();
    let name_ptr = name.as_ptr();

    let long_name = long_name.to_cstr();
    let long_name_ptr = long_name.as_ptr();

    let ctxt = Box::leak(Box::new(MaybeUninit::zeroed()));

    let mut bn_obj = BNCustomBinaryViewType {
        context: ctxt.as_mut_ptr() as *mut _,
        create: Some(cb_create::<T>),
        parse: Some(cb_parse::<T>),
        isValidForData: Some(cb_valid::<T>),
        isDeprecated: Some(cb_deprecated::<T>),
        isForceLoadable: Some(cb_force_loadable::<T>),
        getLoadSettingsForData: Some(cb_load_settings::<T>),
        hasNoInitialContent: Some(cb_has_no_initial_content::<T>),
    };

    unsafe {
        let handle = BNRegisterBinaryViewType(name_ptr, long_name_ptr, &mut bn_obj as *mut _);
        if handle.is_null() {
            // avoid leaking the space allocated for the type, but also
            // avoid running its Drop impl (if any -- not that there should
            // be one since view types live for the life of the process) as
            // MaybeUninit suppress the Drop implementation of it's inner type
            drop(Box::from_raw(ctxt));
            panic!("bvt registration failed");
        }

        ctxt.write(constructor(BinaryViewType { handle }));
        ctxt.assume_init_mut()
    }
}

pub trait BinaryViewTypeBase: AsRef<BinaryViewType> {
    /// Is this [`BinaryViewType`] valid for the given the raw [`BinaryView`]?
    ///
    /// Typical implementations will read the magic bytes (e.g. 'MZ'), this is a performance-sensitive
    /// path so prefer inexpensive checks rather than comprehensive ones.
    fn is_valid_for(&self, data: &BinaryView) -> bool;

    /// Is this [`BinaryViewType`] deprecated and should not be used?
    ///
    /// We specify this such that the view type may still be used by existing databases, but not
    /// newly created views.
    fn is_deprecated(&self) -> bool {
        false
    }

    /// Is this [`BinaryViewType`] able to be loaded forcefully?
    ///
    /// If so, it will be shown in the drop-down when a user opens a file with options.
    fn is_force_loadable(&self) -> bool {
        false
    }

    /// Do instances of this [`BinaryViewType`] start with no loaded content?
    ///
    /// When true, the view has no meaningful default state: the user must make a
    /// selection (e.g. load images from a shared cache) before any content exists.
    /// Callers can use this to suppress restoring previously-saved view state for
    /// files not being loaded from a database, since a saved layout would reference
    /// content that isn't available on reopen.
    fn has_no_initial_content(&self) -> bool {
        false
    }

    fn default_load_settings_for_data(&self, data: &BinaryView) -> Option<Ref<Settings>> {
        let settings_handle =
            unsafe { BNGetBinaryViewDefaultLoadSettingsForData(self.as_ref().handle, data.handle) };

        if settings_handle.is_null() {
            None
        } else {
            unsafe { Some(Settings::ref_from_raw(settings_handle)) }
        }
    }

    fn load_settings_for_data(&self, _data: &BinaryView) -> Option<Ref<Settings>> {
        None
    }
}

pub trait BinaryViewTypeExt: BinaryViewTypeBase {
    fn name(&self) -> String {
        unsafe { BnString::into_string(BNGetBinaryViewTypeName(self.as_ref().handle)) }
    }

    fn long_name(&self) -> String {
        unsafe { BnString::into_string(BNGetBinaryViewTypeLongName(self.as_ref().handle)) }
    }

    fn register_arch<A: Architecture>(&self, id: u32, endianness: Endianness, arch: &A) {
        unsafe {
            BNRegisterArchitectureForViewType(
                self.as_ref().handle,
                id,
                endianness,
                arch.as_ref().handle,
            );
        }
    }

    fn register_platform(&self, id: u32, plat: &Platform) {
        let arch = plat.arch();

        unsafe {
            BNRegisterPlatformForViewType(self.as_ref().handle, id, arch.handle, plat.handle);
        }
    }

    /// Expanded identification of [`Platform`] for [`BinaryViewType`]'s. Supersedes [`BinaryViewTypeExt::register_arch`]
    /// and [`BinaryViewTypeExt::register_platform`], as these have certain edge cases (overloaded elf families, for example)
    /// that can't be represented.
    ///
    /// The callback returns a [`Platform`] object or `None` (failure), and most recently added callbacks are called first
    /// to allow plugins to override any default behaviors. When a callback returns a platform, architecture will be
    /// derived from the identified platform.
    ///
    /// The [`BinaryView`] is the *parent* view (usually 'Raw') that the [`BinaryView`] is being created for. This
    /// means that generally speaking the callbacks need to be aware of the underlying file format, however the
    /// [`BinaryView`] implementation may have created datavars in the 'Raw' view by the time the callback is invoked.
    /// Behavior regarding when this callback is invoked and what has been made available in the [`BinaryView`] passed as an
    /// argument to the callback is up to the discretion of the [`BinaryView`] implementation.
    ///
    /// The `id` ind `endian` arguments are used as a filter to determine which registered [`Platform`] recognizer callbacks
    /// are invoked.
    ///
    /// Support for this API tentatively requires explicit support in the [`BinaryView`] implementation.
    fn register_platform_recognizer<R>(&self, id: u32, endian: Endianness, recognizer: R)
    where
        R: 'static + Fn(&BinaryView, &Metadata) -> Option<Ref<Platform>> + Send + Sync,
    {
        #[repr(C)]
        struct PlatformRecognizerHandlerContext<R>
        where
            R: 'static + Fn(&BinaryView, &Metadata) -> Option<Ref<Platform>> + Send + Sync,
        {
            recognizer: R,
        }

        extern "C" fn cb_recognize_low_level_il<R>(
            ctxt: *mut c_void,
            bv: *mut BNBinaryView,
            metadata: *mut BNMetadata,
        ) -> *mut BNPlatform
        where
            R: 'static + Fn(&BinaryView, &Metadata) -> Option<Ref<Platform>> + Send + Sync,
        {
            let context = unsafe { &*(ctxt as *mut PlatformRecognizerHandlerContext<R>) };
            let bv = unsafe { BinaryView::from_raw(bv).to_owned() };
            let metadata = unsafe { Metadata::from_raw(metadata).to_owned() };
            match (context.recognizer)(&bv, &metadata) {
                Some(plat) => unsafe { Ref::into_raw(plat).handle },
                None => std::ptr::null_mut(),
            }
        }

        let recognizer = PlatformRecognizerHandlerContext { recognizer };
        // TODO: Currently we leak `recognizer`.
        let raw = Box::into_raw(Box::new(recognizer));

        unsafe {
            BNRegisterPlatformRecognizerForViewType(
                self.as_ref().handle,
                id as u64,
                endian,
                Some(cb_recognize_low_level_il::<R>),
                raw as *mut c_void,
            )
        }
    }

    fn open(&self, data: &BinaryView) -> Result<Ref<BinaryView>> {
        let handle = unsafe { BNCreateBinaryViewOfType(self.as_ref().handle, data.handle) };

        if handle.is_null() {
            // TODO: Proper Result, possibly introduce BNSetError to populate.
            return Err(());
        }

        unsafe { Ok(BinaryView::ref_from_raw(handle)) }
    }

    fn parse(&self, data: &BinaryView) -> Result<Ref<BinaryView>> {
        let handle = unsafe { BNParseBinaryViewOfType(self.as_ref().handle, data.handle) };

        if handle.is_null() {
            // TODO: Proper Result, possibly introduce BNSetError to populate.
            return Err(());
        }

        unsafe { Ok(BinaryView::ref_from_raw(handle)) }
    }
}

impl<T: BinaryViewTypeBase> BinaryViewTypeExt for T {}

/// A [`BinaryViewType`] acts as a factory for [`BinaryView`] objects.
///
/// Each file format will have its own type, such as PE, ELF, or Mach-O.
#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
pub struct BinaryViewType {
    pub handle: *mut BNBinaryViewType,
}

impl BinaryViewType {
    pub(crate) unsafe fn from_raw(handle: *mut BNBinaryViewType) -> Self {
        debug_assert!(!handle.is_null());
        Self { handle }
    }

    pub fn list_all() -> Array<BinaryViewType> {
        unsafe {
            let mut count: usize = 0;
            let types = BNGetBinaryViewTypes(&mut count as *mut _);
            Array::new(types, count, ())
        }
    }

    /// Enumerates all view types and checks to see if the given raw [`BinaryView`] is valid,
    /// returning only those that are.
    pub fn valid_types_for_data(data: &BinaryView) -> Array<BinaryViewType> {
        unsafe {
            let mut count: usize = 0;
            let types = BNGetBinaryViewTypesForData(data.handle, &mut count as *mut _);
            Array::new(types, count, ())
        }
    }

    /// Looks up a BinaryViewType by its short name
    pub fn by_name(name: &str) -> Result<Self> {
        let bytes = name.to_cstr();
        let handle = unsafe { BNGetBinaryViewTypeByName(bytes.as_ref().as_ptr() as *const _) };
        match handle.is_null() {
            false => Ok(unsafe { BinaryViewType::from_raw(handle) }),
            true => Err(()),
        }
    }
}

impl BinaryViewTypeBase for BinaryViewType {
    fn is_valid_for(&self, data: &BinaryView) -> bool {
        unsafe { BNIsBinaryViewTypeValidForData(self.handle, data.handle) }
    }

    fn is_deprecated(&self) -> bool {
        unsafe { BNIsBinaryViewTypeDeprecated(self.handle) }
    }

    fn is_force_loadable(&self) -> bool {
        unsafe { BNIsBinaryViewTypeForceLoadable(self.handle) }
    }

    fn has_no_initial_content(&self) -> bool {
        unsafe { BNBinaryViewTypeHasNoInitialContent(self.handle) }
    }

    fn load_settings_for_data(&self, data: &BinaryView) -> Option<Ref<Settings>> {
        let settings_handle =
            unsafe { BNGetBinaryViewLoadSettingsForData(self.handle, data.handle) };

        if settings_handle.is_null() {
            None
        } else {
            unsafe { Some(Settings::ref_from_raw(settings_handle)) }
        }
    }
}

impl Debug for BinaryViewType {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("BinaryViewType")
            .field("name", &self.name())
            .field("long_name", &self.long_name())
            .finish()
    }
}

impl CoreArrayProvider for BinaryViewType {
    type Raw = *mut BNBinaryViewType;
    type Context = ();
    type Wrapped<'a> = Guard<'a, BinaryViewType>;
}

unsafe impl CoreArrayProviderInner for BinaryViewType {
    unsafe fn free(raw: *mut Self::Raw, _count: usize, _context: &Self::Context) {
        BNFreeBinaryViewTypeList(raw);
    }

    unsafe fn wrap_raw<'a>(raw: &'a Self::Raw, _context: &'a Self::Context) -> Self::Wrapped<'a> {
        Guard::new(BinaryViewType::from_raw(*raw), &())
    }
}

impl AsRef<BinaryViewType> for BinaryViewType {
    fn as_ref(&self) -> &Self {
        self
    }
}

unsafe impl Send for BinaryViewType {}
unsafe impl Sync for BinaryViewType {}

pub trait CustomBinaryViewType: 'static + BinaryViewTypeBase + Sync {
    fn create_custom_view<'builder>(
        &self,
        data: &BinaryView,
        builder: CustomViewBuilder<'builder, Self>,
    ) -> Result<CustomView<'builder>>;

    fn parse_custom_view<'builder>(
        &self,
        data: &BinaryView,
        builder: CustomViewBuilder<'builder, Self>,
    ) -> Result<CustomView<'builder>> {
        // TODO: Check to make sure data.type_name is not Self::type_name ?
        self.create_custom_view(data, builder)
    }
}

/// Represents a request from the core to instantiate a custom BinaryView
pub struct CustomViewBuilder<'a, T: CustomBinaryViewType + ?Sized> {
    view_type: &'a T,
    actual_parent: &'a BinaryView,
}

pub unsafe trait CustomBinaryView: 'static + BinaryViewBase + Sync + Sized {
    type Args: Send;

    fn new(handle: &BinaryView, args: &Self::Args) -> Result<Self>;
    fn init(&mut self, args: Self::Args) -> Result<()>;
    fn on_after_snapshot_data_applied(&mut self) {}
}

/// Represents a partially initialized custom `BinaryView` that should be returned to the core
/// from the `create_custom_view` method of a `CustomBinaryViewType`.
#[must_use]
pub struct CustomView<'builder> {
    // this object can't actually be treated like a real
    // BinaryView as it isn't fully initialized until the
    // core receives it from the BNCustomBinaryViewType::create
    // callback.
    handle: Ref<BinaryView>,
    _builder: PhantomData<&'builder ()>,
}

impl<'a, T: CustomBinaryViewType> CustomViewBuilder<'a, T> {
    /// Begins creating a custom BinaryView.
    ///
    /// This function may only be called from the `create_custom_view` function of a
    /// `CustomBinaryViewType`.
    ///
    /// `parent` specifies the view that the core will treat as the parent view, that
    /// Segments created against the created view will be backed by `parent`. It will
    /// usually be (but is not required to be) the `data` argument of the `create_custom_view`
    /// callback.
    ///
    /// `constructor` will not be called until well after the value returned by this function
    /// has been returned by `create_custom_view` callback to the core, and may not ever
    /// be called if the value returned by this function is dropped or leaked.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// This function will fail if the `FileMetadata` object associated with the *expected* parent
    /// (i.e., the `data` argument passed to the `create_custom_view` function) already has an
    /// associated `BinaryView` of the same `CustomBinaryViewType`. Multiple `BinaryView` objects
    /// of the same `BinaryViewType` belonging to the same `FileMetadata` object is prohibited and
    /// can cause strange, delayed segmentation faults.
    ///
    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// `constructor` should avoid doing anything with the object it returns, especially anything
    /// that would cause the core to invoke any of the `BinaryViewBase` methods. The core isn't
    /// going to consider the object fully initialized until after that callback has run.
    ///
    /// The `BinaryView` argument passed to the constructor function is the object that is expected
    /// to be returned by the `AsRef<BinaryView>` implementation required by the `BinaryViewBase` trait.
    ///  TODO FIXME whelp this is broke going to need 2 init callbacks
    pub fn create<V>(self, parent: &BinaryView, view_args: V::Args) -> Result<CustomView<'a>>
    where
        V: CustomBinaryView,
    {
        let file = self.actual_parent.file();
        let view_type = self.view_type;

        let view_name = view_type.name();

        if let Some(bv) = file.view_of_type(&view_name) {
            // while it seems to work most of the time, you can get really unlucky
            // if a free of the existing view of the same type kicks off while
            // BNCreateBinaryViewOfType is still running. the freeObject callback
            // will run for the new view before we've even finished initializing,
            // and that's all she wrote.
            //
            // even if we deal with it gracefully in cb_free_object,
            // BNCreateBinaryViewOfType is still going to crash, so we're just
            // going to try and stop this from happening in the first place.
            tracing::error!(
                "attempt to create duplicate view of type '{}' (existing: {:?})",
                view_name,
                bv.handle
            );

            return Err(());
        }

        // struct representing the context of a BNCustomBinaryView. Can be safely
        // dropped at any moment.
        struct CustomViewContext<V>
        where
            V: CustomBinaryView,
        {
            raw_handle: *mut BNBinaryView,
            state: CustomViewContextState<V>,
        }

        enum CustomViewContextState<V>
        where
            V: CustomBinaryView,
        {
            Uninitialized { args: V::Args },
            Initialized { view: V },
            // dummy state, used as a helper to change states, only happen if the
            // `new` or `init` function fails.
            None,
        }

        impl<V: CustomBinaryView> CustomViewContext<V> {
            fn assume_init_ref(&self) -> &V {
                let CustomViewContextState::Initialized { view } = &self.state else {
                    panic!("CustomViewContextState in invalid state");
                };
                view
            }
        }

        extern "C" fn cb_init<V>(ctxt: *mut c_void) -> bool
        where
            V: CustomBinaryView,
        {
            ffi_wrap!("BinaryViewBase::init", unsafe {
                let context = &mut *(ctxt as *mut CustomViewContext<V>);
                let handle = BinaryView::ref_from_raw(context.raw_handle);

                // take the uninitialized state and use the args to call init
                let mut state = CustomViewContextState::None;
                core::mem::swap(&mut context.state, &mut state);
                let CustomViewContextState::Uninitialized { args } = state else {
                    panic!("CustomViewContextState in invalid state");
                };
                match V::new(handle.as_ref(), &args) {
                    Ok(mut view) => match view.init(args) {
                        Ok(_) => {
                            // put the initialized state
                            context.state = CustomViewContextState::Initialized { view };
                            true
                        }
                        Err(_) => {
                            tracing::error!(
                                "CustomBinaryView::init failed; custom view returned Err"
                            );
                            false
                        }
                    },
                    Err(_) => {
                        tracing::error!("CustomBinaryView::new failed; custom view returned Err");
                        false
                    }
                }
            })
        }

        extern "C" fn cb_on_after_snapshot_data_applied<V>(ctxt: *mut c_void)
        where
            V: CustomBinaryView,
        {
            ffi_wrap!("BinaryViewBase::onAfterSnapshotDataApplied", unsafe {
                let context = &mut *(ctxt as *mut CustomViewContext<V>);
                if let CustomViewContextState::Initialized { view } = &mut context.state {
                    view.on_after_snapshot_data_applied();
                }
            })
        }

        extern "C" fn cb_free_object<V>(ctxt: *mut c_void)
        where
            V: CustomBinaryView,
        {
            ffi_wrap!("BinaryViewBase::freeObject", unsafe {
                let context = ctxt as *mut CustomViewContext<V>;
                let context = Box::from_raw(context);

                if context.raw_handle.is_null() {
                    // being called here is essentially a guarantee that BNCreateBinaryViewOfType
                    // is above above us on the call stack somewhere -- no matter what we do, a crash
                    // is pretty much certain at this point.
                    //
                    // this has been observed when two views of the same BinaryViewType are created
                    // against the same BNFileMetaData object, and one of the views gets freed while
                    // the second one is being initialized -- somehow the partially initialized one
                    // gets freed before BNCreateBinaryViewOfType returns.
                    //
                    // multiples views of the same BinaryViewType in a BNFileMetaData object are
                    // prohibited, so an API contract was violated in order to get here.
                    //
                    // if we're here, it's too late to do anything about it, though we can at least not
                    // run the destructor on the custom view since that memory is uninitialized.
                    tracing::error!(
                      "BinaryViewBase::freeObject called on partially initialized object! crash imminent!"
                    );
                } else if matches!(
                    &context.state,
                    CustomViewContextState::None | CustomViewContextState::Uninitialized { .. }
                ) {
                    // making it here means somebody went out of their way to leak a BinaryView
                    // after calling BNCreateCustomView and never gave the BNBinaryView handle
                    // to the core (which would have called cb_init)
                    //
                    // the result is a half-initialized BinaryView that the core will happily hand out
                    // references to via BNGetFileViewofType even though it was never initialized
                    // all the way.
                    //
                    // TODO update when this corner case gets fixed in the core?
                    //
                    // we can't do anything to prevent this, but we can at least have the crash
                    // not be our fault.
                    tracing::error!("BinaryViewBase::freeObject called on leaked/never initialized custom view!");
                }
            })
        }

        extern "C" fn cb_read<V>(
            ctxt: *mut c_void,
            dest: *mut c_void,
            offset: u64,
            len: usize,
        ) -> usize
        where
            V: CustomBinaryView,
        {
            ffi_wrap!("BinaryViewBase::read", unsafe {
                let context = &*(ctxt as *mut CustomViewContext<V>);
                let dest = slice::from_raw_parts_mut(dest as *mut u8, len);
                context.assume_init_ref().read(dest, offset)
            })
        }

        extern "C" fn cb_write<V>(
            ctxt: *mut c_void,
            offset: u64,
            src: *const c_void,
            len: usize,
        ) -> usize
        where
            V: CustomBinaryView,
        {
            ffi_wrap!("BinaryViewBase::write", unsafe {
                let context = &*(ctxt as *mut CustomViewContext<V>);
                let src = slice::from_raw_parts(src as *const u8, len);
                context.assume_init_ref().write(offset, src)
            })
        }

        extern "C" fn cb_insert<V>(
            ctxt: *mut c_void,
            offset: u64,
            src: *const c_void,
            len: usize,
        ) -> usize
        where
            V: CustomBinaryView,
        {
            ffi_wrap!("BinaryViewBase::insert", unsafe {
                let context = &*(ctxt as *mut CustomViewContext<V>);
                let src = slice::from_raw_parts(src as *const u8, len);
                context.assume_init_ref().insert(offset, src)
            })
        }

        extern "C" fn cb_remove<V>(ctxt: *mut c_void, offset: u64, len: u64) -> usize
        where
            V: CustomBinaryView,
        {
            ffi_wrap!("BinaryViewBase::remove", unsafe {
                let context = &*(ctxt as *mut CustomViewContext<V>);
                context.assume_init_ref().remove(offset, len as usize)
            })
        }

        extern "C" fn cb_modification<V>(ctxt: *mut c_void, offset: u64) -> ModificationStatus
        where
            V: CustomBinaryView,
        {
            ffi_wrap!("BinaryViewBase::modification_status", unsafe {
                let context = &*(ctxt as *mut CustomViewContext<V>);
                context.assume_init_ref().modification_status(offset)
            })
        }

        extern "C" fn cb_offset_valid<V>(ctxt: *mut c_void, offset: u64) -> bool
        where
            V: CustomBinaryView,
        {
            ffi_wrap!("BinaryViewBase::offset_valid", unsafe {
                let context = &*(ctxt as *mut CustomViewContext<V>);
                context.assume_init_ref().offset_valid(offset)
            })
        }

        extern "C" fn cb_offset_readable<V>(ctxt: *mut c_void, offset: u64) -> bool
        where
            V: CustomBinaryView,
        {
            ffi_wrap!("BinaryViewBase::readable", unsafe {
                let context = &*(ctxt as *mut CustomViewContext<V>);
                context.assume_init_ref().offset_readable(offset)
            })
        }

        extern "C" fn cb_offset_writable<V>(ctxt: *mut c_void, offset: u64) -> bool
        where
            V: CustomBinaryView,
        {
            ffi_wrap!("BinaryViewBase::writable", unsafe {
                let context = &*(ctxt as *mut CustomViewContext<V>);
                context.assume_init_ref().offset_writable(offset)
            })
        }

        extern "C" fn cb_offset_executable<V>(ctxt: *mut c_void, offset: u64) -> bool
        where
            V: CustomBinaryView,
        {
            ffi_wrap!("BinaryViewBase::offset_executable", unsafe {
                let context = &*(ctxt as *mut CustomViewContext<V>);
                context.assume_init_ref().offset_executable(offset)
            })
        }

        extern "C" fn cb_offset_backed_by_file<V>(ctxt: *mut c_void, offset: u64) -> bool
        where
            V: CustomBinaryView,
        {
            ffi_wrap!("BinaryViewBase::offset_backed_by_file", unsafe {
                let context = &*(ctxt as *mut CustomViewContext<V>);
                context.assume_init_ref().offset_backed_by_file(offset)
            })
        }

        extern "C" fn cb_next_valid_offset<V>(ctxt: *mut c_void, offset: u64) -> u64
        where
            V: CustomBinaryView,
        {
            ffi_wrap!("BinaryViewBase::next_valid_offset_after", unsafe {
                let context = &*(ctxt as *mut CustomViewContext<V>);
                context.assume_init_ref().next_valid_offset_after(offset)
            })
        }

        extern "C" fn cb_start<V>(ctxt: *mut c_void) -> u64
        where
            V: CustomBinaryView,
        {
            ffi_wrap!("BinaryViewBase::start", unsafe {
                let context = &*(ctxt as *mut CustomViewContext<V>);
                context.assume_init_ref().start()
            })
        }

        extern "C" fn cb_length<V>(ctxt: *mut c_void) -> u64
        where
            V: CustomBinaryView,
        {
            ffi_wrap!("BinaryViewBase::len", unsafe {
                let context = &*(ctxt as *mut CustomViewContext<V>);
                context.assume_init_ref().len()
            })
        }

        extern "C" fn cb_entry_point<V>(ctxt: *mut c_void) -> u64
        where
            V: CustomBinaryView,
        {
            ffi_wrap!("BinaryViewBase::entry_point", unsafe {
                let context = &*(ctxt as *mut CustomViewContext<V>);
                context.assume_init_ref().entry_point()
            })
        }

        extern "C" fn cb_executable<V>(ctxt: *mut c_void) -> bool
        where
            V: CustomBinaryView,
        {
            ffi_wrap!("BinaryViewBase::executable", unsafe {
                let context = &*(ctxt as *mut CustomViewContext<V>);
                context.assume_init_ref().executable()
            })
        }

        extern "C" fn cb_endianness<V>(ctxt: *mut c_void) -> Endianness
        where
            V: CustomBinaryView,
        {
            ffi_wrap!("BinaryViewBase::default_endianness", unsafe {
                let context = &*(ctxt as *mut CustomViewContext<V>);

                context.assume_init_ref().default_endianness()
            })
        }

        extern "C" fn cb_relocatable<V>(ctxt: *mut c_void) -> bool
        where
            V: CustomBinaryView,
        {
            ffi_wrap!("BinaryViewBase::relocatable", unsafe {
                let context = &*(ctxt as *mut CustomViewContext<V>);

                context.assume_init_ref().relocatable()
            })
        }

        extern "C" fn cb_address_size<V>(ctxt: *mut c_void) -> usize
        where
            V: CustomBinaryView,
        {
            ffi_wrap!("BinaryViewBase::address_size", unsafe {
                let context = &*(ctxt as *mut CustomViewContext<V>);

                context.assume_init_ref().address_size()
            })
        }

        extern "C" fn cb_save<V>(ctxt: *mut c_void, _fa: *mut BNFileAccessor) -> bool
        where
            V: CustomBinaryView,
        {
            ffi_wrap!("BinaryViewBase::save", unsafe {
                let _context = &*(ctxt as *mut CustomViewContext<V>);
                false
            })
        }

        let ctxt = Box::new(CustomViewContext::<V> {
            raw_handle: ptr::null_mut(),
            state: CustomViewContextState::Uninitialized { args: view_args },
        });

        let ctxt = Box::into_raw(ctxt);

        let mut bn_obj = BNCustomBinaryView {
            context: ctxt as *mut _,
            init: Some(cb_init::<V>),
            freeObject: Some(cb_free_object::<V>),
            externalRefTaken: None,
            externalRefReleased: None,
            read: Some(cb_read::<V>),
            write: Some(cb_write::<V>),
            insert: Some(cb_insert::<V>),
            remove: Some(cb_remove::<V>),
            getModification: Some(cb_modification::<V>),
            isValidOffset: Some(cb_offset_valid::<V>),
            isOffsetReadable: Some(cb_offset_readable::<V>),
            isOffsetWritable: Some(cb_offset_writable::<V>),
            isOffsetExecutable: Some(cb_offset_executable::<V>),
            isOffsetBackedByFile: Some(cb_offset_backed_by_file::<V>),
            getNextValidOffset: Some(cb_next_valid_offset::<V>),
            getStart: Some(cb_start::<V>),
            getLength: Some(cb_length::<V>),
            getEntryPoint: Some(cb_entry_point::<V>),
            isExecutable: Some(cb_executable::<V>),
            getDefaultEndianness: Some(cb_endianness::<V>),
            isRelocatable: Some(cb_relocatable::<V>),
            getAddressSize: Some(cb_address_size::<V>),
            save: Some(cb_save::<V>),
            onAfterSnapshotDataApplied: Some(cb_on_after_snapshot_data_applied::<V>),
        };

        let view_name = view_name.to_cstr();
        unsafe {
            let res = BNCreateCustomBinaryView(
                view_name.as_ptr(),
                file.handle,
                parent.handle,
                &mut bn_obj,
            );
            assert!(
                !res.is_null(),
                "BNCreateCustomBinaryView cannot return null"
            );
            (*ctxt).raw_handle = res;
            Ok(CustomView {
                handle: BinaryView::ref_from_raw(res),
                _builder: PhantomData,
            })
        }
    }

    pub fn wrap_existing(self, wrapped_view: Ref<BinaryView>) -> Result<CustomView<'a>> {
        Ok(CustomView {
            handle: wrapped_view,
            _builder: PhantomData,
        })
    }
}